en Ophtalmology Ophtalmology Review Article Review Article <span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="line-height:14pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><b><i><span style="color:blue">Background</span></i></b><i><span style="color:blue">:</span></i> Amongst the chemical warfare agents, blistering (vesicant) agents can be significant materials. The most important agent in this group is sulfur mustard (mustard gas) which is known as &ldquo;King of chemical warfare (CW) agents &ldquo;. Exposure to this agent, seriously causes damages in several organs, such as the eyes. This article reviews the ophthalmological aspects of sulfur mustard with reference of its management.<span style="font-size:9.0pt"></span></span></span><br> <span style="line-height:14pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><b><i><span style="color:blue">Methods:</span></i></b> A wide-ranging search in PubMed databases, Thomson Reuters and Scopus was done and different aspects of chemical properties of sulfur mustard, its mechanism of action and effects on eyes, clinical finding, diagnostic evaluation, initiate actions, pharmaceutical and surgical interventions was reported.<i><span style="font-size:10.0pt"></span></i></span></span><br> <span style="line-height:14pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><b><i><span style="color:blue">Results:</span></i></b> Sulfur mustard can alkylate DNA and RNA strands and break down structures of protein and lipid of cell membrane. This may impair cell energy production, and leads to cell death. Exposure to sulfur mustard, therefore, causes such problems for organs, including irreversible damage to the eyes.<b><i><span style="color:blue"></span></i></b></span></span><br> <span style="line-height:14pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><b><i><span style="color:blue">Conclusion</span></i></b><i><span style="color:blue">:</span></i> Understanding the mechanism of the sulfur mustard effect and the early training in prevention injuries will cause fewer complications and damage to organs, including the eyes. Washing the eyes with tap water or eyewash solutions, using mydriatic drops, anti- inflammatory drugs, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors and antibiotics may help to the management of poisoning. Surgical interventions including tarsorrhaphy, amniotic membrane transplantation, stem cell transplantation and corneal transplantation could reduce the harm to the victims.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:14pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:#0033cc"></span></span></i></b></span></span></span> Sulfur Mustard, Mustard Gas, Blistering Agents, Alkylating, Keratoplasty, Tarsorrhaphy, Corneal Transplantation 458 468 http://caspjim.com/browse.php?a_code=A-10-108-9&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Mehrdad Rafati-Rahimzadeh m.rafrahim@yahoo.com 100319475328460037497 100319475328460037497 No Department of Nursing, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Mehravar Rafati-Rahimzadeh afshin_rft@yahoo.com 100319475328460037498 100319475328460037498 No Department of Medical Physics, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran Sohrab kazemi Kazemi.msm@gmail.com 100319475328460037499 100319475328460037499 No Cancer Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Seyedeh Roghieh Jafarian Amiri jafarianamiri@gmail.com 100319475328460037500 100319475328460037500 No Department of Nursing, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Abbas Soleymani abbassoleymani@yahoo.co.uk 100319475328460037501 100319475328460037501 No Department of Ophthalmology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Ali Akbar Moghadamnia aliamoghadamnia@gmail.com 100319475328460037502 100319475328460037502 Yes Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran